Feeder line: NASA test vehicle

3 payloads on 3 missions in the records so far had a flight of this kind before the Moon.

Peregrine Mission One

Astrobotic (now Voyager Lunar Systems) · Peregrine · failed to land

• Navigation Doppler Lidar (NDL)

IM-1

Intuitive Machines · Nova-C Odysseus · landed

• Navigation Doppler Lidar for Precise Velocity and Range Sensing (NDL)

Griffin Mission One

Astrobotic (Voyager Lunar Systems since July 2026) · Griffin · manifested

• Navigation Doppler Lidar (NDL), Psionic-built copy of the engineering test unit